Can a document without a title appear in a TOC?

Well, like I said before, Scrivener doesn’t have a formal ToC system outside of ebooks.

With RTF you would want to use your word processor to assemble the ToC, so that one can be set aside for later.

With PDF the idea is to fake it with some hyperlinks, so it doesn’t actually matter what your items are called at that point since the link text can be whatever you want. You’ll find instructions in Chapter 22 along with the convenience tools for creating a link list.